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An Operationally Plausible Thermoelectric Power Plant Water Use Dataset for the United States - Data & Code
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| Type: | Resource | |
| Storage: | The size of this resource is 1.6 GB | |
| Created: | Aug 08, 2025 at 3:56 p.m. (UTC) | |
| Last updated: | Oct 01, 2026 at 5:10 p.m. (UTC) (Metadata update) | |
| Published date: | Oct 01, 2026 at 5:10 p.m. (UTC) | |
| DOI: | 10.4211/hs.100758a78baf4a548384ca176d874092 | |
| Citation: | See how to cite this resource | |
| Content types: | CSV Content |
| Sharing Status: | Published |
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| Views: | 1054 |
| Downloads: | 236 |
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Abstract
Thermoelectric power was among the largest freshwater-withdrawing sectors in the U.S. as of the most recent complete U.S. Geological Survey national assessment (≈41% of withdrawals in 2015). Despite this scale of water use, existing datasets and raw U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) records often retain duplicates, inconsistencies, and operationally implausible values that hinder reproducible analysis. To address this, we introduce the U.S. Operationally Plausible Thermoelectric Water Use Dataset (USOPTD), a plant-resolved, quality-controlled dataset of monthly water withdrawal, consumption, and generation records for U.S. power plants from 2014-2024. USOPTD applies a novel operational-plausibility filtering method, utilizing calculated power-cooling ratios, to remove anomalous records and accurately capture real water use. Crucially, this methodology provides highly granular monthly water-use records and consumptive use coefficients for individual plants, revealing distributional variation that is obscured by aggregated median values. By resolving data fragmentation and enforcing thermodynamic constraints, USOPTD allows users to produce internally consistent estimates of thermoelectric water-use intensity across temporal, spatial, and generator-specific dimensions. This dataset provides the scientific community with an operationally plausible foundation for reliable water-energy nexus modeling and resource management.
Subject Keywords
Coverage
Spatial
Temporal
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Content
README.md
Dataset Data Dictionary
This README provides a variable-level data dictionary for the U.S. Operationally Plausible Thermoelectric Water Use Dataset (Sjöstedt et al., 2026). Variable definitions, missing-data percentages, and data sources are drawn from Supplemental Table 1. Data types reflect the current dataset.
Data Sources
- Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2025a. Form EIA-860. Accessible from: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860/ (Accessed on September 27, 2026)
- Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2025b. Form EIA-923. Accessible from: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/ (Accessed on September 27, 2026)
- Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2025c. Thermoelectric cooling water data. Accessible from: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/water/ (Accessed on September 27, 2026)
- Sjöstedt, E., Rushforth, R., Tidwell, T., Harris, M., McManamay, R., Marston, L. 2026. An Operationally Plausible Thermoelectric Power Plant Water Use Dataset for the United States - Data & Code. HydroShare. Accessible from: https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/100758a78baf4a548384ca176d874092/ (Accessed on September 27, 2026)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2025. U.S. Power Plants. Accessible from: arcgis.netl.doe.gov/portal/home/item.html?id=f4dc5f7fc1944f1eaac3e09f386d4f75 (Accessed on September 27, 2026)
Variables
Utility ID
Definition: The identification number assigned by the EIA to utility company that operates the power plant
Data Type: int64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025b; EIA, 2025c
Plant ID
Definition: An EIA assigned unique identifier (also known as plant code) for reporting
Data Type: int64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a; EIA, 2025b; EIA, 2025c
Plant Name
Definition: The reported name of the power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: DOE, 2025; EIA, 2025b
Year
Definition: The year of the reported information (numeric)
Data Type: int64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: DOE, 2025; EIA, 2025a; EIA 2025b
Month
Definition: The month of the reported information (numeric)
Data Type: int64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a; EIA, 2025b; EIA, 2025c
Month Name
Definition: The name of the numeric month reported
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Season
Definition: Group aggregation of individual months into seasons. Spring: March, April, May; Summer: June, July, August; Autumn: September, October November; Winter: December, January, February
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
State
Definition: The state membership of the reporting power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a; EIA, 2025b
County
Definition: The county membership of the reporting power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025b
City
Definition: The city membership/affiliation of the reporting power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025b
Latitude
Definition: The latitude spatial coordinates of the power plant
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025b
Longitude
Definition: The longitude spatial coordinates of the power plant
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025b
Climate Region
Definition: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) U.S Climate Regions defined by state membership.
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: NECI, 2023; Sjöstedt et al., 2026
NERC Region
Definition: The North American Electricity Reliability Corporation (NERC) regional membership of the power plant.
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025b
NERC_Region_Updated
Definition: The updated NERC region membership of power plants based the merging's of NERC regions
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: NERC, 2024; Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Generator ID
Definition: The power plant's internal identifier for a generator unit
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Boiler ID
Definition: The power plant's internal identifier for a boiler unit
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Cooling ID
Definition: The power plant's internal identifier for a cooling unit
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Primary Technology
Definition: The reported generator technology used
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Technology
Definition: Abbreviation of the reported generator technology used
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Generator Technology Agg
Definition: Further abbreviation of the reported generator technology used
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Summer Capacity of Steam Turbines (MW)
Definition: The maximum capacity output of steam turbines in Megawatts possible in the summer months
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 12.99%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Gross Generation from Steam Turbines (MWh)
Definition: The total generated megawatt hours of steam turbines including the plant's operational electricity required
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 12.99%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Net Generation from Steam Turbines (MWh)
Definition: The total generated megawatt hours of steam turbines not including the plant's operational electricity required
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 13.81%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Summer Capacity Associated with Single Shaft Combined Cycle Units (MW)
Definition: The maximum capacity output of single shaft combined cycle units in Megawatts possible in the summer months
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.71%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Gross Generation Associated with Single Shaft Combined Cycle Units (MWh)
Definition: The total generated megawatt hours of single shaft combined cycle units including the plant's operational electricity required
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.71%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Net Generation Associated with Single Shaft Combined Cycle Units (MWh)
Definition: The total generated megawatt hours of single shaft combined cycle units not including the plant's operational electricity required
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.71%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Summer Capacity Associated with Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (MW)
Definition: The maximum capacity output of combined cycle gas turbines in Megawatts possible in the summer months
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 13.05%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Gross Generation Associated with Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (MWh)
Definition: The total generated megawatt hours of combined cycle gas turbines including the plant's operational electricity required
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 13.05%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Net Generation Associated with Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (MWh)
Definition: The total generated megawatt hours of combined cycle gas turbines not including the plant's operational electricity required
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 14.47%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Overall Summer Capacity (MW)
Definition: The calculated summer capacity in megawatts for the summer months across all generator technologies
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Overall Gross Generation (MWh)
Definition: The gross generation in megawatt-hours across all generator technologies
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: This Study
Fuel Consumption from All Fuel Types (MMBTU)
Definition: The consumption across all fuel types from steam turbine generators in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0.18%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Fuel Consumption from Steam Turbines (MMBTU)
Definition: The fuel consumption from steam turbine generators in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 13.19%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Fuel Consumption from Single Shaft Combined Cycle Units (MMBTU)
Definition: The fuel consumption from single shaft combined cycle unit generators in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.71%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Fuel Consumption from Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (MMBTU)
Definition: The fuel consumption combined cycle gas turbine generators in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 13.05%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Coal Consumption (MMBTU)
Definition: The power plant's consumption of coal in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 21.17%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Natural Gas Consumption (MMBTU)
Definition: The power plant's consumption of natural gas in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 2.17%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Petroleum Consumption (MMBTU)
Definition: The power plant's consumption of petroleum in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 19.56%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Biomass Consumption (MMBTU)
Definition: The power plant's consumption of biomass in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 23.10%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Other Gas Consumption (MMBTU)
Definition: The power plant's consumption of other gas in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 24.29%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Other Fuel Consumption (MMBTU)
Definition: The power plant's consumption of other fuel in million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 24.50%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Status
Definition: The reported status of the generator unit
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
generator installation decade
Definition: The decade group in which the generator was installed
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Generator Inservice Month
Definition: The month which the generator started operating
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Inservice Year
Definition: The year which the generator started operating
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Retirement Month
Definition: The month which the generator will/did retire
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.86%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Retirement Year
Definition: The year which the generator will/did retire
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.86%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Boiler Status
Definition: The reported status of the boiler unit
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Boiler Inservice Month
Definition: The month which the boiler started operating
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 1.34%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Boiler Inservice Year
Definition: The year which the boiler started operating
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 1.34%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Boiler Retirement Month
Definition: The month which the boiler will/did retire
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 18.19%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Boiler Retirement Year
Definition: The year which the boiler will/did retire
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 18.16%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Cooling Status
Definition: The reported status of the cooling system
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 17.14%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Cooling Inservice Month
Definition: The month which the cooling system started operating
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 5.05%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Cooling Inservice Year
Definition: The year which the cooling system started operating
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 5.05%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Combined Heat and Power Generator?
Definition: A binary Y (yes) or N (no) of the power plant is a combined heat and power generator or not
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Primary Energy Source Code
Definition: A code to identify the energy source for the generator unit
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Prime Mover Code
Definition: A code that identifies the technology of the generator unit
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Generator Duct Burners?
Definition: A binary Y (yes) or N (no) to identify if duct burns are installed
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 75.08%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Sector
Definition: Identifies which sector that the power plant is providing for
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025b; EIA, 2025c
Steam Plant Type
Definition: A numeric classification of what the type of steam plant is reported
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Number Operable Generators
Definition: A count of the power plant's number of operational generators
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.88%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Number Operable Boilers
Definition: A count of the power plant's number of operational boilers
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.88%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Number Operable Cooling Systems
Definition: A count of the power plant's number of operational cooling systems
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 25.88%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Plant Configuration
Definition: The configuration code of how many generators, boilers and cooling systems are present on the power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Type of Cooling System
Definition: The reported cooling system used at the power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Cooling System Status
Definition: The reported status of the cooling system operations
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0.01%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Cooling Unit Hours in Service
Definition: The number of hours that the cooling system operated in the reported month
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Hours in Service
Definition: The number of hours that the cooling system operated in the reported month
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
gen_hours_raw
Definition: The calculated hours of operations for the generator
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
month_hours
Definition: The total number of hours in the reported month
Data Type: int64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Chlorine (thousand lbs)
Definition: The number of thousand pounds of chlorine used at the power plant
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Diversion Rate (gallons per minute)
Definition: The water withdrawal rate of the power plant in gallons per minute
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
860 Cooling Type 1
Definition: The reported cooling technology in EIA form 860
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 17.14%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
860 Cooling Type 2
Definition: The abbreviated reported cooling technology in EIA form 860
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 98.82%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
923 Cooling Type
Definition: The reported cooling technology in EIA form 923
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0.06%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Cooling System Type
Definition: The reported cooling system used
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 17.14%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Cooling Systems
Definition: Abbreviation of the reported cooling system used
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Cooling Systems Agg
Definition: Further abbreviation of the reported cooling system used
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Water Type
Definition: The type of water that is being used at the power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 17.14%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Water Source
Definition: The water source used by the power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 17.14%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Water Source Name
Definition: The name of the water source used by the power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 17.28%
Data Source: EIA, 2025b; EIA, 2025c
Water Discharge Name
Definition: The name of the discharged water used by the power plant
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 31.42%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Water Withdrawal Volume (Million Gallons)
Definition: The volume of water withdrawn by the power plant in millions of gallons
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Water Consumption Volume (Million Gallons)
Definition: The volume of water consumption by the power plant in millions of gallons
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Water Withdrawal Intensity Rate (Gallons / MWh)
Definition: The reported water withdrawal intensity of the power plant in gallons per megawatt hours
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 24.84%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Water Consumption Intensity Rate (Gallons / MWh)
Definition: The reported water consumption intensity of the power plant in gallons per megawatt hours
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 24.84%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Water Withdrawal Rate per Fuel Consumption (Gallons / MMBTU)
Definition: The reported water withdrawal per unit of fuel consumption in gallons per million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 24.88%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Water Consumption Rate per Fuel Consumption (Gallons / MMBTU)
Definition: The reported water consumption per unit of fuel consumption in gallons per million British thermal units
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 24.88%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Average Distance of Water Intake Below Water Surface (Feet)
Definition: The average distance of the water intake below the water surface in feet
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 16.08%
Data Source: EIA, 2025c
Withdrawal Rate (gallons per minute)
Definition: The water discharge rate of the power plant in gallons per minute
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Discharge Rate (gallons per minute)
Definition: The water consumption rate of the power plant in gallons per minute
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Consumption Rate (gallons per minute)
Definition: The reported method for flow rates, also referred to as the Water Use Reporting Methods
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 10.76%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Method for Flow Rates
Definition: The water withdrawal rate of the power plant in gallons per minute
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Flow_Methods
Definition: Aggregated reported method for flow rates
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Intake Average Temperature (ºF)
Definition: The reported average intake temperature of water in Fahrenheit
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Intake Maximum Temperature (ºF)
Definition: The reported maximum temperature of water in Fahrenheit
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Discharge Average Temperature (ºF)
Definition: The reported discharged water average temperature in Fahrenheit
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Discharge Maximum Temperature (ºF)
Definition: The reported discharged water maximum temperature in Fahrenheit
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Method for Temperatures
Definition: The reported method used to measure the water temperature
Data Type: str
Missing Data: 46.89%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Diversion Volume (million gallons)
Definition: The reported volume of diverted water in millions of gallons
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Withdrawal Volume (million gallons)
Definition: The reported volume of withdrawn water in millions of gallons
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Discharge Volume (million gallons)
Definition: The reported volume of discharged water in millions of gallons
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
Consumption Volume (million gallons)
Definition: The reported volume of consumed water in millions of gallons
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: EIA, 2025a
withdrawal_intensity_860
Definition: The calculated water withdrawal intensity from EIA form 860 data in millions of gallons per megawatt hour
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
withdrawal_intensity_923
Definition: The calculated water withdrawal intensity from EIA form 923 data in millions of gallons per megawatt hour
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
consumption_intensity_860
Definition: The calculated water withdrawal intensity from EIA form 860 data in millions of gallons per megawatt hour
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
consumption_intensity_923
Definition: The calculated water consumption intensity from EIA form 923 data in millions of gallons per megawatt hour
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
consumption_coeff_860
Definition: The calculated water consumption coefficient from EIA form 860 data in millions of gallons per megawatt hour
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
consumption_coeff_923
Definition: The calculated water consumption coefficient from EIA form 923 data in millions of gallons per megawatt hour
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
PCR_unit
Definition: The calculated power cooling ratio metric between the calculated generator capacity and cooling capacity for that month at the individual unit level
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
log10_PCR_unit
Definition: The calculated log 10 power cooling ratio metric between the calculated generator capacity and cooling capacity for that month at the individual unit level
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
PCR_avg
Definition: The calculated power cooling ratio metric between the calculated generator capacity and cooling capacity for that month at the plant average level
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
log10_PCR_avg
Definition: The calculated log 10 power cooling ratio metric between the calculated generator capacity and cooling capacity for that month at the plant average level
Data Type: float64
Missing Data: 0%
Data Source: Sjöstedt et al., 2026
Credits
Funding Agencies
This resource was created using funding from the following sources:
| Agency Name | Award Title | Award Number |
|---|---|---|
| United States Geological Survey | Reanalyzing and predicting U.S. water use by economic history and forecast data; an experiment in short-range national hydro-economic data synthesis | G20AP00002 |
| U.S. National Science Foundation | None | CBET- 2115169 |
| U.S. National Science Foundation | None | PD 19- 1638 |
| U.S. National Science Foundation | None | CBET- 2144169 |
How to Cite
This resource is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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