Natural flood management (NFM) is a nature-based solution that has grown in importance within flood risk policy and management over the last two decades. There is limited evidence on nature-based solutions’ effectiveness, and no accepted best practice on forecasting their performance. To explore NFM effectiveness, we built a hydrological model of a catchment in the UK uplands typical of areas targeted globally for NFM interventions. The model was calibrated on streamflow and groundwater contribution to streamflow, estimated from alkalinity data (ANC). We demonstrated this simple tracer can be a useful tool in model calibration, highlighting significant differences in performance between model runs that were hidden when analysing streamflow alone. In particular the use of the tracer helped identify models that better represented partitioning of flow between surface and sub-surface. The tracer reduced predictive uncertainty in peak flows when applied to a woodland planting scenario by upto 39% and showed even greater potential for reducing uncertainty (~50%) at low flows (below Q60). Further, by exploring three common representations of woodland we showed that the dominant remaining source of uncertainty (>50%) within the scenario modelling was the choice of how to represent the woodland planting on model parameters . This work underlines the value of using additional calibration datasets to improve process representation and prediction; the importance of long-term monitoring for improving the evidence for NFM effectiveness; and the need to further develop the representation of woodland planting in catchment models to improve forecasts of their impact on flow.

The model code is available via the Zenodo repository (Coxon and Dunne, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2604120) and the model inputs and outputs available here.
The main paper documenting the results are available in Collins S et al 2026 Using Environmental Tracers to Reduce Uncertainty in Natural Flood Management Modeling. Water Resources Research https://doi.org/10.1029/2025WR041145