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Streamwater pH, sulfate, copper, and zinc concentration data collected from 1980 to 2021 in mineralized watersheds throughout the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA
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Abstract
Increasing stream metal concentrations apparently caused by climate warming have been reported for a small number of mountain watersheds containing hydrothermally altered bedrock with abundant sulfide minerals (mineralized watersheds). Such increases are concerning and could negatively impact downstream ecosystem health, water resources, and mine-site remediation efforts. However, the pervasiveness and typical magnitude of these trends remain uncertain. We aggregated available streamwater chemistry data collected from late summer and fall over the past 40 years for 22 mineralized watersheds throughout the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Temporal trend analysis performed using the Regional Kendall Test indicates significant regional upward trends of ~2% of the site median per year for SO4, Zn, and Cu concentrations in the 17 streams affected by acid rock drainage (ARD; median pH ≤5.5), equivalent to concentrations roughly doubling over the past 30 years. An examination of potential load trends utilizing streamflow data from eight “index gages” located near the sample sites provides strong support for regionally increasing SO4 and metal loads in ARD-affected streams, particularly at higher elevations. Declining streamflows are likely contributing to regionally increasing concentrations, but increasing loads appear to be on average an equal or greater contributor. Comparison of selected site characteristics with site concentration trend magnitudes shows the highest correlation for mean annual air temperature and mean elevation (R^2 of 0.42 and 0.35, respectively, with all others being ≤0.14). Future research on climate-driven controlling mechanisms should therefore focus on processes such as melting of frozen ground directly linked to site mean temperature and elevation.
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Title Streamwater pH, Sulfate, Copper, and Zinc Concentration Data Collected from 1980 to 2021 in Mineralized Watersheds Throughout the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA Authors Tanya N. Petach: Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Dept., University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Andrew H. Manning: U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA Robert L. Runkel: U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA Diane M. McKnight: Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Dept., University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA General Information Regarding this Database This database was collated from publicly available sources to support the study presented in Manning et al. (in press). The purpose of the study was to evaluate temporal trends in the chemistry of headwater streams in Colorado, USA, draining mineralized (hydrothermally altered) areas affected by acid-rock drainage. The database contains pH and sulfate, zinc, and copper concentration data for streamwater samples collected from 1980 to 2021 during late summer and fall (July 15 through November 30) at 22 different sites. Additional details regarding data aggregation provided in Manning et al. (in press). Definition of Column Headers and Abbreviations Site_ID = Site name Source = Data source. Referenced sources are listed below in ?References? Org = Organization responsible for collection of data obtained from the Water Quality Portal EPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency USGS = U.S. Geological Survey CDPHE = Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment CRW = Colorado River Watch Org_Site = Sampling site identifier listed in the data source, if available Stream = Name of stream where sample site is located Date = Date of sample collection in the format YYYY-MM-DD Latitude and Longitude = Latitude and longitude of sampling location in digital degrees Analyte = Analyte measured Result = Reported concentration of analyte Unit = Unit of concentration mg/L = milligrams per liter ug/L = micrograms per liter Flag = Code indicating special case applying to sample, including: 1 = Sample is unfiltered such that the total constituent concentration was measured rather than the dissolved constituent concentration (see Manning et al., in press, for details on specific conditions under which unfiltered samples were included) 2 = Sampling location >200 m (but <600 m) from the site location listed in Table S1 in Manning et al. (in press) References Bove, D.J., Wilson, A.B., Barry, T.H., Hon, K., Kurtz, J., Van Loenen, R.E., Calkin, W.S., 1996. Geology, alteration, and rock and water chemistry of the Iron, Alum, and Bitter Creek areas, upper Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-39, 34 p. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr9639 Boyer, E.W., McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E., Brooks, P.D., Anthony, M.W., Zellweger, G.W., Harnish, R.E., 1999. Streamflow and Water Quality Characteristics for the Upper Snake River and Deer Creek Catchments in Summit County, Colorado: Water Years 1980 to 1999. University of Colorado Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research Occasional Paper 53, 81 p. https://www.colorado.edu/instaar/research/publications/instaar-occasional-papers BPMD CAG, 2023. Animas River Stakeholders Group Combined Water Quality Data, available at Bonita Peak Mining District Community Advisory Group website: https://www.bonitapeakcag.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Combined-Water-Qual-DataMay7-2013.xls. CDPHE, 2021. Personal communication with Mark Rudolph of the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, June, 2021, Denver, Colorado (mark.rudolph@state.co.us). Church, S.E., San Juan, C.A., Fey, D.L., Schmidt, T.S., Klein, T.L. DeWitt, E.H., Wanty, R.B., Verplanck, P.L., Mitchell, K.A., Adams, M.G., Choate, L.M., Todorov, T.I., Rockwell, B.W., McEachron, Luke, and Anthony, M.W., 2012. Geospatial database for regional environmental assessment of central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 614, 76 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/614/ Crouch, C.M., 2011. Impacts of Hydrologic Change on Geochemistry in the Upper Snake River, a High Mountain Acid Rock Drainage Stream. M.S. Thesis, University of Colorado Boulder. https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/gh93gz82j Johnson, J., 2010. CUSP Mine Assessment Project: Report on Surface and Mine Water Sampling and Monitoring in the Upper South Platte Watershed, Park County, Colorado. Coalition for the Upper South Platte (CUSP), 104 p. https://cusp.ws/reports/ Jones, M., 2020. Quantification of Trace Metal Loading Within a Mineralized Watershed and a Changing Climate, Warden Gulch, Summit County, Colorado. M.S. Thesis, University of Colorado Boulder. Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., Runkel, R.L., 2007. Quantification of metal loading by tracer injection and synoptic sampling, 1996?2000. In: Church, S.E., von Guerard, P.B., Finger, S.E. (Eds.), Integrated Investigations of Environmental Effects of Historical Mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651, pp. 417?495. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1651 Kraus, J.M., Wolf, R.E., Todorov, Todor, Gibson, P.P., Wanty, R.B., Schmidt, T.S., Walters, D.M., 2021. Trace metals in water and biota in and near headwater streams in the Colorado Mineral Belt. U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BLJCYP. Manning, A.H., Petach, T.N., Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., in press. Climate-driven increases in stream metal concentrations in mineralized watersheds throughout the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA, Water Resources Research. Morrison, J.M., Manning, A.H., Wanty, R.B., 2019. Geochemistry and environmental tracer data for groundwater, stream water, and ferricrete samples from Handcart Gulch, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9C8COCU. Morrison, J.M., Manning, A.H., Runkel, R.L., Walton-Day, K., Wanty, R.B., 2022. Geochemistry and environmental tracer data for groundwater, stream water, and soil and sediment from North Quartz Creek, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V0J8FS. Neubert, J.T., 2000. Naturally degraded surface waters associated with hydrothermally altered terrane in Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-16, 158 p. https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/publications/naturally-degraded-surface-waters-hydrothermally-altered-terrane-colorado/ O?Shea, H., 2007. Backward modeling to prioritize sources of acid mine drainage for remediation: Application to Warden Gulch, Summit County, Colorado. M.S. Thesis, University of Colorado Boulder. https://www.proquest.com/docview/304889135 Paschke, S.S., Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., 2005. Quantification and simulation of metal loading to the upper Animas River, Eureka to Silverton, San Juan County, Colorado, September 1997 and August 1998. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005?5054, 73 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5054 Petach, T.N., 2022. Remediation of acid rock drainage in a changing climate: assessment of bulkhead closures and long-term water quality trends in the Colorado Mineral Belt. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado Boulder. https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/5d86p1522 Petach, T.N., Manning, A.H., Wanty, R.B., Runkel, R.L., McGee, B.N., 2023. Chemistry and flow data from headwater streams draining hydrothermally altered areas in Colorado, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P99UJDPC. Rue, G., 2012. Acid Rock Drainage in the Upper Snake River: The Presence of Heavy Metals in a Mineralized Watershed. Undergraduate Honors Thesis, University of Colorado Boulder. https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/undergraduate_honors_theses/vd66w039t Sares, M.A., Phillips, R.C., Neubert, J.T., Wood, R.H., Lovekin, J.R., Kirkham, R.M., Benson, R.G., et al., 2020. ON-008-04D U.S. Forest Service Abandoned Mine Land Inventory Project - Colorado (Data) - v20200820. Colorado Geological Survey, Golden, Colorado. https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/publications/colorado-usfs-aml-data/ USEPA, 2023. Pennsylvania Mine Site Database, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, available at https://response.epa.gov/site/doc_list.aspx?site_id=8722. Water Quality Portal, 2021. National Water Quality Monitoring Council, Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey (USGS), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QRKUVJ Watson, K.E., 2018. Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage on Breeding Birds and Benthic Invertebrates in the Snake River Watershed, Summit County, Colorado. M.S. Thesis, University of Colorado Boulder. https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/hx11xf55j Webster, C.E., 2006. A Biogeochemical Study of Naturally Occurring Acid Drainage in Peekaboo Gulch, Colorado. M.S. Thesis, The University of Tulsa. Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J.K., Schumann, R.R., Wirt, L., 2008. Uranium in surface waters and sediments affected by historical mining in the Denver West 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5246, 54 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5246/ 2
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