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Water Temperature and Catchment Characteristics Drive Variation in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Small Ponds in a Peatland-Rich, High-Altitude Tropical Ecosystem
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| Created: | Feb 22, 2025 at 6:58 p.m. (UTC) | |
| Last updated: | Oct 15, 2025 at 8:29 p.m. (UTC) | |
| Published date: | Oct 15, 2025 at 8:29 p.m. (UTC) | |
| DOI: | 10.4211/hs.7deb8ab889a14a98885c5c6c06a4c548 | |
| Citation: | See how to cite this resource | |
| Content types: | CSV Content |
| Sharing Status: | Published |
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Abstract
Inland waters release significant amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, with small ponds acting as hot spots. High variability and limited research make emissions from small waterbodies a major source of uncertainty, especially in underrepresented tropical ecosystems where unique drivers remain poorly understood. We evaluated the magnitude and sources of variability in emissions from small waterbodies of the páramo, a tropical ecoregion in the Andes mountains, characterized by carbon-rich soils. We measured partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), methane (pCH4) and CO2 emissions from small (<5000 m^2) waterbodies, 11 ponds and 1 wetland, 3 times in the wet season and returned to 8 sites in the dry season. Sites were always supersaturated in pCH4 (1,096+/-1,482 μatm), but occasionally undersaturated in pCO2 (1,224+/-1,585 μatm). Variability between ponds was high and primarily driven by elevation and water temperature. Catchment soil-water connectivity was also predictive of pCO2. Mean wet-season emission rates were 0.34+/-0.54 g CO2-C m-2 d-1 and 0.012+/-0.018 g CH4-C m-2 d-1 and surface area fluctuations were a large source of seasonal variability in some ponds. Though an open-water transect of the wetland site was similar to ponds, we measured very high pCH4 (1678+/-2629 μatm) and pCO2 (5162+/-3207 μatm) along the wetland perimeter. Our findings provide essential insights for incorporating a significant yet understudied tropical ecosystem into global carbon budget by confirming previous observations that small ponds can emit a disproportionately large amount of carbon to the atmosphere, but also highlighting the importance of variables other than pond size in controlling emission hot-spots.
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Content
readme.md
Water Temperature and Catchment Characteristics Drive Variation in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Small Ponds in a Peatland-Rich, High-Altitude Tropical Ecosystem
Keridwen M. Whitmore, Amanda Gay Delvecchia, Dani Zarate, Martina Bautista, Kayla Emerson, Amy Madrigal, Esteban Suárez, and Diego A. Riveros-Iregui
This repository serves to host data and analyses used in the research supporting the work in Water Temperature and Catchment Characteristics Drive Variation in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Small Ponds in a Peatland-Rich, High-Altitude Tropical Ecosystem
Purpose
To provide access to the data and make analyses reproducible for others. All scripts and data files for creating our figures using R statistical software are provided within this repository.
Guide to Folders
data
This folder contains all data needed in the analysis and figures descriptions of column names can be found in the CSV Content Metadata File "Holgerson_and_Raymond2016_subset_df.csv" contains a subset of data published in Holgerson & Raymond (2016) Nat.Geosci. that is included in fig 8 of this paper.
- File name: Holgerson_and_Raymond2016_subset_df.csv
- File name: Modeled_flux_df.csv
- File name: Pond_continuous_data.csv
- File name: Pond_discrete_data.csv
- File name: Pond_pCH4_data_summary.csv
- File name: Pond_pCH4_data.csv
- File name: Pond_pCO2_data_summary.csv
- File name: Pond_pCO2_data.csv
- File name: PrecipitationData.csv
- File name: predictor_variables_df.csv
- File name: signifacantLetters_df.csv
- File name: Wetland_edges_df.csv
Rscripts
This folder contains all code needed to reproduce manuscript figures
- File name: Fig_2.R
- File name: Fig_3.R
- File name: Fig_4.R
- File name: Fig_5.R
- File name: Fig_6.R
- File name: Fig_7.R
- File name: Fig_8.R
- File name: Fig_S1.R
- File name: Fig_S6.R
- File name: Fig_S7.R
- File name: Fig_S8&S9.R
- File name: Fig_S10.R
- File name: Fig_S11.R
- File name: Fig_S12.R
- File name: Fig_S13-S16.R
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Points of contact
Direct questions about the paper to Dr. Diego Riveros-Iregui: diegori@email.unc.edu or Keridwen Whitmore: kriddie@ad.umu.se
Direct questions about the code to:
Keridwen Whitmore: kriddie@ad.umu.se
Credits
Funding Agencies
This resource was created using funding from the following sources:
| Agency Name | Award Title | Award Number |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. National Science Foundation | #EAR-1847331 | |
| U.S. National Science Foundation | #EAR-2317854 | |
| Society of Wetland Scientists | Student Research Grant | |
| Geological Society of America | Student Research Grant |
How to Cite
This resource is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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