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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fluxes from Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments in a High-Altitude Tropical Catchment


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Created: Aug 28, 2025 at 6:01 a.m. (UTC)
Last updated: Sep 17, 2025 at 1:17 a.m. (UTC)
Published date: Sep 17, 2025 at 1:17 a.m. (UTC)
DOI: 10.4211/hs.b61c56f5413d4f31a594b3eecc101a08
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Abstract

High-altitude tropical grasslands, known as “páramos", are characterized by their high solar radiation, high precipitation, and low temperature. They exhibit some of the highest rates of ecosystem carbon storage per unit area on Earth. Recent observations have shown that paramos may be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere as a result of climate change; however, little is known about the source of this excess CO2 in these mountainous environments or whether specific landscape positions may be disproportionally contributing more CO2 than others. We evaluated the spatial and temporal variability of surface CO2 fluxes from adjacent terrestrial and aquatic environments based on a suite of field measurements performed over seven weeks. Our findings revealed the importance of hydrologic dynamics in regulating the magnitude and likely fate of dissolved carbon in the stream. While headwater catchments are known to contribute disproportionately larger amounts of carbon to the atmosphere than their downstream counterparts, our study highlights the spatial heterogeneity of CO2 fluxes within and between aquatic and terrestrial landscape elements in headwater catchments of complex topography. Stream carbon flux to the atmosphere appeared to be transport-limited (i.e., controlled by flow characteristics, turbulent flow, water velocity) in the upper reaches of the stream, and source limited (i.e., controlled by carbon availability) in the lower reaches of the stream. These findings represent first step in understanding ecosystem carbon cycling at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in high-altitude, tropical, headwater catchments.

Subject Keywords

Coverage

Spatial

Coordinate System/Geographic Projection:
WGS 84 EPSG:4326
Coordinate Units:
Decimal degrees
North Latitude
-0.3256°
East Longitude
-78.1951°
South Latitude
-0.3298°
West Longitude
-78.2016°

Temporal

Start Date:
End Date:

Content

README.md

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fluxes from Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments in a High-Altitude Tropical Catchment

Authors: Chloe L. Schneider, Maribel Herrera, Megan L. Raisle, Andrew R. Murray, Keridwen M. Whitmore, Andrea C. Encalada, Esteban Suárez, and Diego A. Riveros-Iregui

authors in italics contributed equally to this work.

This repository serves to host data and analyses used in the research supporting the work in:

Schneider, Chloe L., et al. "Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from terrestrial and aquatic environments in a high‐altitude tropical catchment." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 125.8 (2020): e2020JG005844.

Purpose

To provide access to the data and make analyses reproducible for others. All figures presented in the paper were created using R statistical software. All scripts and data files for creating our figures are provided within this repository. If you have Rstudio installed on your computer, you should be able to use this repository to reproduce the anlayses in this paper without any alterations.

Instructions to run this code

This code was written and run with R version 3.6.2 and R Studio version 1.2.5001. You can fork or simply download this repository to your local computer and open the project file Schneider_et_al_2020.Rproj. We use the here package to ensure that the code will run on any computer without having to change any file paths.

Guide to Folders

Data

  • File name: All_Stream_Data.csv

these data are used to create figures 2 & 4

Column Name: Description

  • DateTime: Date and Time of collection
  • Inj: denotes if data was collected during injection of CO2 gas
  • V1: raw partial pressure of CO2 at Station 1 (ppm)
  • V2: raw partial pressure of CO2 at Station 2 (ppm)
  • V3: raw partial pressure of CO2 at Station 3 (ppm)
  • V4: raw partial pressure of CO2 at Station 4 (ppm)
  • Turbidity_NTU: Turbidity (NTU)
  • Phycocyanin_ppb: Chlorophylla (ug.L)
  • CDOM_ppb: Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (parts per billion)
  • Flux_1: Carbon dioxide flux, unit no 1 (umole per m^2 per sec)
  • Temp_C_1: Temperature [Celsius] at station 1
  • Flux_2: Carbon dioxide flux, unit no 2 (umole per m^2 per sec)
  • Temp_C_2: Temperature [Celsius] at station 2
  • tempC_425: Temperature (C) at station:
  • tempC_430: Temperature (C) at station:
  • tempC_435: Temperature (C) at station:
  • tempC_436: Temperature (C) at station:
  • tempC_437: Temperature (C) at station:
  • tempC_442: Temperature (C) at station:
  • airTemp_c: Air Temperature (c)
  • EC1_uS: conductivity at station 1 (uS)
  • EC2_uS: conductivity at station 2 (uS)
  • DO1_mg.L: Dissolved Oxygen at station 1 (mg/l)
  • DO2_mg.L: Dissolved Oxygen at station 2 (mg/l)
  • DO4_mg.L: Dissolved Oxygen at station 4 (mg/l)
  • ppt24Tot: 24-hour total precipitation (mm)
  • ppt48Tot: 48-hour total precipitation (mm)
  • ppt72Tot: 72-hour total precipitation (mm)
  • lvl_421_m: Corrected Water Level- Station 3 in meters
  • lvl_425_m: Corrected Water Level- Sensor 425 in meters
  • lvl_430_m: Corrected Water Level- Sensor 430 in meters
  • lvl_435_m: Corrected Water Level- Sensor 435 in meters
  • lvl_436_m: Corrected Water Level- Station 1 in meters
  • lvl_437_m: Corrected Water Level- Sensor 437 in meters
  • lvl_442_m: Corrected Water Level- Sensor 442 in meters
  • stn1_Q: Discharge at station 1 (m3s-1)
  • stn2_Q: Discharge at station 2 (m3s-1)
  • stn3_Q : Discharge at station 3 (m3s-1)
  • stn4_Q: Discharge at station 4 (m3s-1)
  • air_pressure_kPa: Air pressure (kPa)
  • tempC_421: Water Tempperature (C) at station 3
  • V1_adjusted: partial pressure of CO2 adjusted for temperature and pressure at Station 1 (ppm)
  • V3_adjusted: partial pressure of CO2 adjusted for temperature and pressure at Station 3 (ppm)
  • V4_adjusted: partial pressure of CO2 adjusted for temperature and pressure at Station 4 (ppm)
  • V2_adjusted: partial pressure of CO2 adjusted for temperature - and pressure at Station 2 (ppm)
  • V1_CO2_mgC.L: mass equivalence of CO2 at Station 1 (mg/l)
  • V2_CO2_mgC.L: mass equivalence of CO2 at Station 2 (mg/l)
  • V3_CO2_mgC.L: mass equivalence of CO2 at Station 3 (mg/l)
  • V4_CO2_mgC.L: mass equivalence of CO2 at Station 4 (mg/l)
  • Flux_1_cleaned: Instantaneous flux [µmol m2s-1] between station 1 & 2

__________

sub folder: "Vaisala"

  • File: "synoptics2.csv"

these data are used to create figure 8

Column Name: Description

  • Distance: distance from the outlet of the wetland (meters)
  • Syn1_071819: Carbon dioxide partial pressure (ppm) collected on 2019-07-18
  • Syn2_072519: Carbon dioxide partial pressure (ppm) collected on 2019-07-25
  • Syn3_072919: Carbon dioxide partial pressure (ppm) collected on 2019-07-29
  • Syn4_073119: Carbon dioxide partial pressure (ppm) collected on 2019-07-31
  • Syn5_080619: Carbon dioxide partial pressure (ppm) collected on 2019-08-06
  • Syn6_081219: Carbon dioxide partial pressure (ppm) collected on 2019-08-12

__________

sub folder: "EosFD"

  • File: "All_Synoptic_Flux_Data.csv"

*these data are used to create figure *

Column Name: Description

  • Eos#: EosFd unit no.
  • Date: date of collection
  • Flux: Carbon dioxide flux (umole per m^2 per sec)
  • Distance From 35: distance from the outlet of the wetland (meters)
  • Syn7-18: synoptic site number, collection date July 18th
  • Syn7-25: synoptic site number, collection date July 25th
  • Syn7-31: synoptic site number, collection date July 31th
  • Syn8-6: synoptic site number, collection date August 6th
  • Syn8-12: synoptic site number, collection date August 12th

__________

  • Files:
    "eos2_07182019.csv" CO2 evasion data from soil collected on 2019-07-18 using EosFD no 2
    "eos2_07222019.csv" CO2 evasion data from soil collected on 2019-07-22 using EosFD no 2
    "eos2_07292019.csv" CO2 evasion data from soil collected on 2019-07-29 using EosFD no 2
    "eos2_07312019.csv" CO2 evasion data from soil collected on 2019-07-31 using EosFD no 2
    "eos2_08012019.csv" CO2 evasion data from soil collected on 2019-08-12 using EosFD no 2
    "eos1_08132019.1.csv" CO2 evasion data from soil collected on 2019-08-13 using EosFD no 1
    "eos2_08142019.csv" CO2 evasion data from soil collected on 2019-08-14 using EosFD no 2
    these data are used to create figures 3 & 5

Column Name: Description

  • Month: Month of collection
  • Day: Day of collection
  • Year: Year of collection
  • Time: Time of collection
  • Flux: Carbon dioxide flux (umole per m^2 per sec)
  • Temperature (C): soil temerature (celcius)
  • CO2 Soil (ppm): Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in soil / water (ppm)
  • CO2 Soil STD (ppm): standard deviation of carbon dioxide in soil / water (ppm)
  • CO2 ATM (ppm): Atmospheric CO2
  • CO2 ATM STD (ppm): Standard deviation of atmospheric CO2
  • Mode: Mode flag for eosFD

__________

  • File: "eos1_FIX_07312019.csv

these data are used to create figures 3 & 5

Column Name Description

  • DateTime: Date and time of collection
  • Flux_1: Carbon dioxide flux (umole per m^2 per sec)
  • CO2_Soil_1: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in soil / water (ppm)
  • CO2_Soil_STD_1: standard deviation of carbon dioxide in soil / water (ppm)
  • CO2_ATM_1: Atmospheric CO2
  • CO2_ATM_STD_1: Standard deviation of atmospheric CO2
  • Mode_1: Mode flag for eosFD

__________

sub folder: "picarro"

  • File:

"col1statistics.csv"
"col2statistics.csv"
"col3statistics.csv"
"col4statistics.csv"
"col5statistics.csv"
"col6statistics.csv"
"col7statistics.csv"
"col8statistics.csv"

these data were used to create figure 7

Column Name: Description

  • Sample: collar number/name
  • day: day of collection
  • CorrectedAverage: average value for the collar with the linearity correction
  • StdDev_iCO2: standard deviation of all the values that went into making the average
  • CV: coefficient of variation
  • RelativeStdDev: relative standard deviation (%)

__________

  • File: "synoptics.csv"

these data were used to create figure 6

__________

figures

File Name Type Description

  • figure_02.pdf: pdf Figure 2
  • figure_03.pdf: pdf Figure 3
  • figure_04.pdf: pdf Figure 4
  • figure_05a.pdf: pdf Figure 5 a
  • figure_05b.pdf: pdf Figure 5 b
  • figure_06.pdf: pdf Figure 6
  • figure_07.pdf: pdf Figure 7
  • figure_08.pdf: pdf Figure 8

__________

scripts

File Name: Type Description

  • figure_02.R: R code figure 3
  • figure_03.Rmd: R markdown figure 3
  • figure_03.html: html figure 3 image rendered in html
  • figure_04.R: R code figure 04
  • figure_05.R: R code figure 04
  • figure_06.R: R code figure 07
  • figure_07.R: R code figure 07
  • figure_08.R: R code figure 08

__________

Points of contact

Direct questions about the paper to Dr. Diego Riveros-Iregui: diegori@email.unc.edu

Direct questions about the code to:

Andrew Murray: armurray@live.unc.edu

or

Kriddie Whitmore: kriddie@email.unc.edu

Related Resources

This resource is referenced by Schneider, C. L., Herrera, M., Raisle, M. L., Murray, A. R., Whitmore, K. M., Encalada, A. C., et al. (2020). Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from terrestrial and aquatic environments in a high‐altitude tropical catchment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 125, e2020JG005844. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2020JG005844

Credits

Funding Agencies

This resource was created using funding from the following sources:
Agency Name Award Title Award Number
U.S. National Science Foundation EAR‐1847331

How to Cite

Whitmore, K. M., D. Riveros-Iregui, C. Schneider, M. Herrera, M. L. Raisle, A. R. Murray, A. C. Encalada, E. Suárez (2025). Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fluxes from Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments in a High-Altitude Tropical Catchment, HydroShare, https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.b61c56f5413d4f31a594b3eecc101a08

This resource is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CC-BY

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