ABSTRACT:

The Analysis of Record Calibration (AORC) meteorological forcing dataset is a retrospective gridded product produced by NOAA’s Office of Water Prediction (Fall et al., 2023). The AORC hourly dataset provides high resolution (800-m) gridded fields for seven meteorological variables (‘forcings’), used as time series inputs for calibration of the current NOAA National Water Model (NWMv3), among other modeling and analysis applications. The upcoming v4 update of the NWM will adopt a catchment-based modeling approach centered on an NHDPlus-based NextGen Hydrofabric (Johnson et al., 2024).

In view of this transition, we provide a remapped daily version of the AORC forcings (with the addition of maximum and minimum temperature) to the Hydrofabric catchments representing a large-sample watershed subset – i.e., for the 671 CAMELS basins (Newman et al., 2015; Addor et al., 2017; see https://ral.ucar.edu/solutions/products/camels). The associated CAMELS-Hydrofabric v2.2 data are provided as a separate Hydroshare resource, "Nextgen-CAMELS-Hydrofabric v2.2: NOAA Next Generation Water Resources Modeling Framework Hydrofabric for the CAMELS Basins". The remapping was performed by calculating catchment areal-mean forcing values using a spatially-conservative remapping technique developed previously at the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Specifically, the ‘poly2poly.py’ script is used to generate spatial weights relating the AORC grid to the catchment Hydrofabric polygons, and associated scripts then apply the weights efficiently over all the timesteps in the dataset. Catchment averages are adjusted to account for missing input grid values, where necessary. The remapped dataset of n = 54,667 catchments is available in netCDF format and designed to meets the standards of the Next Generation Water Resources Modeling Framework (Nextgen) – such as variable naming and epoch start date formatting – making it model-ready off the shelf. This retrospective 1979-2023 forcing dataset, together with the hydrofabric divides, nexus, and flowpath layers, provides a core input required for running the Nextgen modeling framework at a Hydrofabric resolution across the CAMELS basins. Note, an earlier lumped-basin version of these forcings is available at: https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/c738c05278a34bc9848dd14d61cffab9/ (Frame et al, 2024).

Acknowledgements:
- This dataset was supported by a project grant to the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) from the NOAA Cooperative Institute for Research to Operations in Hydrology (CIROH). CIROH is funded via the NOAA Cooperative Agreement with The University of Alabama (NA22NWS4320003).
- We are grateful to Mike Robbert at CSM for his assistance in transferring the large AORC dataset onto Mines HPC systems to facilitate the remapping process.

References:
Fall, Greg, David Kitzmiller, Sandra Pavlovic, Ziya Zhang, Nathan Patrick, Michael St. Laurent, Carl Trypaluk, Wanru Wu, and Dennis Miller. “The Office of Water Prediction’s Analysis of Record for Calibration, Version 1.1: Dataset Description and Precipitation Evaluation,” December 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13143.
Addor, N., Newman, A. J., Mizukami, N. and Clark, M. P.: The CAMELS data set: catchment attributes and meteorology for large-sample studies, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5293–5313, doi:10.5194/hess-21-5293-2017, 2017.
Frame, J. M., A. W. Wood, N. Frazier (2024). AORC atmospheric forcing data across CAMELS US basins, 1980 - 2024, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/c738c05278a34bc9848dd14d61cffab9
Johnson, J. Michael, Arash Modesari Rad, Trey C. Flowers, and Fred L. Ogden. “The NOAA Next Generation Water Resource Modeling Framework Hydrofabric.” In 104th AMS Annual Meeting. AMS, 2024. https://ams.confex.com/ams/104ANNUAL/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/436827.
Newman, A. J., Clark, M. P., Sampson, K., Wood, A., Hay, L. E., Bock, A., Viger, R. J., Blodgett, D., Brekke, L., Arnold, J. R., Hopson, T., and Duan, Q., 2015: Development of a large-sample watershed-scale hydrometeorological data set for the contiguous USA: data set characteristics and assessment of regional variability in hydrologic model performance, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 209–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-209-2015 .
Newman, A. J., N. Mizukami, M. P. Clark, A. W. Wood, B. Nijssen, and G. Nearing, 2017: Benchmarking of a Physically Based Hydrologic Model. J. Hydrometeor., 18, 2215–2225, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0284.1.
NOAA Analysis of Record for Calibration (AORC) Dataset was accessed on 2024-11-07 from https://registry.opendata.aws/noaa-nws-aorc.

ABSTRACT:

Since the release of the CAMELS large-sample catchment dataset a decade ago, the CAMELS watershed collection has become a de facto set of minimally impacted headwater basins for hydrologic model benchmarking studies in the continental US (Newman et al., 2015; 2017; see https://ral.ucar.edu/solutions/products/camels). In this dataset, we release the first subset of the Next Generation Water Resources Modeling Framework (Nextgen) Hydrofabric (v2.2; Johnson, 2022; Johnson et al., 2024) that includes the full spatial extent of the CAMELS basin delineations, after revision to correct erroneous boundaries (by using more reliable published Gages-II shapefiles). Our Hydrofabric subsetting workflow includes all Nextgen catchments that are within (with at least 5% area overlap) and/or hydrologically connected to the updated CAMELS basins shapes, thus this catchment boundary dataset enables a wide range of possible use cases, e.g., streamflow routing with alternative river networks. It also ensures improved comparison of hydrologic simulations to other CAMELS model benchmarking studies that do not use the Nextgen Hydrofabric. The layers included in this dataset provide the key geospatial inputs for Nextgen, while the accompanying daily 1979-2023 AORC retrospective forcing dataset (https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/1e934d92acdb42fa8379cd5009371150/; Sturtevant and Wood, 2024) also contributes to the required set of inputs needed for running the Nextgen modeling framework on the Hydrofabric v2.2 spatial units across the 671 CAMELS basins.

Acknowledgements:
This dataset was supported by a project grant to the Colorado School of Mines from the NOAA Cooperative Institute for Research to Operations in Hydrology (CIROH). CIROH is funded via the NOAA Cooperative Agreement with The University of Alabama (NA22NWS4320003).
The revised CAMELS boundary GIS work was supported by the US Army Corps of Engineers Climate Preparedness and Resilience Program via a grant to NSF NCAR.
We also acknowledge and thank Mike Johnson and Lynker Spatial for use of and assistance with the Hydrofabric v2.2 dataset

References:
Newman, A. J., Clark, M. P., Sampson, K., Wood, A., Hay, L. E., Bock, A., Viger, R. J., Blodgett, D., Brekke, L., Arnold, J. R., Hopson, T., and Duan, Q. (2015). Development of a large-sample watershed-scale hydrometeorological data set for the contiguous USA: data set characteristics and assessment of regional variability in hydrologic model performance, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 209–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-209-2015 .
Newman, A. J., N. Mizukami, M. P. Clark, A. W. Wood, B. Nijssen, and G. Nearing (2017). Benchmarking of a Physically Based Hydrologic Model. J. Hydrometeor., 18, 2215–2225, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0284.1.
Johnson, J. M. (2022). National Hydrologic Geospatial Fabric (hydrofabric) for the Next Generation (NextGen) Hydrologic Modeling Framework,
HydroShare http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/129787b468aa4d55ace7b124ed27dbde
Johnson, J. Michael, Arash Modesari Rad, Trey C. Flowers, and Fred L. Ogden. (2024). “The NOAA Next Generation Water Resource Modeling Framework Hydrofabric.” In 104th AMS Annual Meeting. AMS, 2024. https://ams.confex.com/ams/104ANNUAL/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/436827.
Sturtevant, J. and Wood, A. (2024). Daily AORC meteorological forcings (1979-2023) for Nextgen-CAMELS-Hydrofabric Catchments (v2.2), HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/1e934d92acdb42fa8379cd5009371150